Hesabatlar

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The primary purpose of this joint GIA and UNOCAL study was to better understand the geology and geochemistry of the Paleogene and Miocene age strata of the South Caspian Basin. An attempt was made to investigate source rock potential of this section, improve age dating, review biostratigraphic zonation, and interpret the paleo-depositional environments of these strata. A joint field party visited twelve different outcrop localities on the Absheron Peninsula and west and northwest of the peninsula. Outcrop samples for both geochemical (132 samples) and biostratigraphic (110 samples) analyses were collected from the Paleogene and Miocene, as well as limited Cretaceous samples. An effort was made to take both biostratigraphic and geochemnical samples from all outcrops, not just the intervals that appeared to have source rocks potential based on visual appearance. In addition, core samples (49 samples from 15 different wells), and oil samples (19 samples from 11 different fields) wer provided by the GIA.

Biostratigraphic age dating, and paleoenvironmental interpretations in this study involve both microfossils and macrofossils. Microfossils include foraminifera, ostracods, calcareous nannoplankton, and palynomorphs (dinocysts, pollen, and spores). Macrofossils that are important are mollusks, fish remains, and arthropods. Applying biostratigraphy in the Cenozoic of the South Caspian Basin is often difficult. As many as 90-95% of the muicrofossils in some intervals are reworked (recycled). However, patterns of reworking can be useful and can reveal much about regional structure and tectonics. Study outcrop samples range in age from Barremian to Upper Miocene. The Eocene to Miocene section was sampled in some detail. Paleoenvironments of the study section range from marginal marine and shallow water, restericted marine to deep marine, including outer shelf, slope, and / or abyssal depths.

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values of the outcrop samples range from 0.01% to 9.29% . RockEval analyses, isotopic data, and biomarker data were acquired from samples that had significant TOC values. The Maykop and Diatom Suites have the highest source rock potential within the Miocene and Paleogene interval. Pristane / phytane ratios of samples from the Diatom Suite and Maykop Suite indicate that the depositional environment of the source rocks range from possible arid to wet climatic conditions. Sterane and triterpane biomarkers support the interpretation of two different depositional environments for the source rocks. In the sterane distributions of some samples, the higher values of C₂₇ and C₂₉ over C₂₈ suggest that the sapropelic matter was deposited in mesosaline settings. In other samples the higher C₂₈ values compared to the C₂₇ and C₂₉ values suggest clastic, more normal marine deposition. Evaluation of oil samples suggest two families of oils distinguished by isotopic composition. Detailed geochemical sampling of the Maykop and Diatom Suites would undoubtedly show subtle vertical variations in isotopic ratios and biomarker attributes.

Vitrinite reflectance values for 15 outcrop samples range from immature to mature. Thermal matiruty values estimated for 9 samples using sterane biomarkers suggest an immature range for those samples. Maturation of outcrop samples based on pollen and spores coloration reflects immature, late immature, and mature stages of thermal alteration.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

 

• ABSTRACTS
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• REPORT COVER DESCRIPTION
• AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

   

• INTRODUCTION

Study Objectives
Report Organization
Participating Geoscientists
Stratigraphic Units

 

• TYPES OF ANALYSES

Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses

 

• OUTCROP LOCALITIES

Sample Sets
Brief Overview

SUMGAIT STATION
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs

SIANSHORE LAKE
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs

BERBERSHORE LAKE
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Photographs

GEZDEK
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Photographs

MAYKOP LAKE
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

BEDERY
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs

NORTH PEREKESHKYL
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

SOUTH PEREKESHKYL
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs

PEREKESHKYL
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

YUNUSDAG
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

ALTIAGACH
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Outcrop Measured Section
Outcrop Photographs
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

XIZY
Section and Samples
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Photographs

 

• WELLS (CORE SAMPLES)

Sample Sets
Geochemistry Data for Core Samples

ONSHORE WELLS

CHODAGAR-XORAT#1
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

DUVANNY #73 and #589
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

GERADIL #23 and #55
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

KALAMADYN
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

KYURSANGYA #100
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

NEFTECHALA #57 and #731
Core Interval and Samples
Petrographic Analyses
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#57)
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#731)

OFFSHORE WELLS

ABSHERON BANK #45
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

NORTH ABSHERON #1 and #5
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

BAKHAR #38, #44 and #51
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Petrographic Analyses
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#38)
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#44)
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs (#51)

BULLA DENIZ #45 and #57
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

GUNESHLI #1
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

KHAZRI #4
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

LOKBATAN DENIZ #2
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Sample Thin-section Photomicrographs

NEFT DASHLARI #1
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

SANGACHALY DENIZ #550, #551 and #557
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

YUZHNAYA #2-3
Core Interval and Samples
Well Logs and Previous Information
Biostratigraphic Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses

 

• WELLS (OIL SAMPLES)

Geochemical Evaluation of Oil Samples (Summary Text)

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES AND CHARTS

 

• REPORT APPENDICES

Appendix I: Biostratigraphy report of Azerbaijan outcrop samples (APTI Geosciences Lab, R.Koshkarly and D.Mamedova, 1997)

Appendix II: Biostratigraphy report of selected Azerbaijan outcrop and offshore well samples (D.Mamedova, 1996)

Appendix III: Biostratigraphy report of selected offshore well samples (R.Koshkarly, 1996)

VOLUME II

 

• REPORT APPENDICES (Continued)

Appendix IV: Biostratigraphy report of Azerbaijan outcrop samples (Robertson Research, 1996)

Appendix V: Biostratigraphy report of Azerbaijan core samples (Robertson Research, 1996)

Appendix VI: Geochemical evaluation of outcrop and conventional core samples from the Absheron Peninsula and vicinity (Unocal, G.Rinaldi)

Appendix VII: Geochemical evaluation of onshore and offshore Azerbaijan oils (Unocal, G.Rinaldi, 1996)

Appendix VIII: Petrographic analyses of selected conventional core and outcrop samples (Reservoirs, Inc., 1996)

Appendix XI: Selected maturity parameters showing Robertson Spore Color Index in Relation to other thermal alteration indices, and Vitrinite Reflectance, RpckEval, and related information

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report was produced jointy by Unocal and Geology Institute of Azerbaijan, with a primary goal to describe potential reservoir facies in the Mesozoic section of northern Azerbaijan. The report consists of three volumes. Volume I detailes the geological and organic geochemical results derived from field work done at ten outcrop localities in the Greater Caucasus Mountains in northern Azerbaijan. Strata ranging from Middle Jurassic Aalenian to Upper Cretaceous Maastrichtian were examined and sampled. Volume II contains text and graphics provided by the Geology Institute, including important reservoir, tectonic, structural, stratigraphic, and biostratigraphic information. Biostratigraphy contractor reports (Appendices I, II and III) are also part of this volume. Volume III includes geochemistry and petrography contractor reports (Appendices IV, V, VI, and VII) generated from rocks samples collected at the outcrop localities and from oils by the Geology Institute.

Strata deposited in the Tethyan basin in northern Azerbaijan include a wide variety of facies and lithologies. Facies examined during the course of this project ranged from deep basinal shales to high-energy, shallow water, bioclastic and oolitic grainstone shales. Between these end members were carbonate and clastic turbidite and debris flows, shelf sands, talus deposits, reefs, and shallow lagoonal carbonates. Complicating the study of this strata are the narrow, northwest-southeast trending, structural zones formed as the Arabian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate during the Late Tertiary, resulting in the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The Mesozoic strata of the Caucasus area has been intensily faulted and folded. Although complicating the reconstructions of paleoenvironments, the tectonics of the area did result in the exposure of excellent outcrops. Fossils used for stratigraphic correlation in this area include ammonites, corals, belemnites, gastropods, and brachiopods. Microfossils, such as foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, and dinoflagellates, are also important, and these groups were utilized in the current study for age and paleoenvironmental information. Detailed biostratigraphic work has been undertaken in this region in the past by many Azeri geologists and is summarized in Volume II.

Potential reservoir facies are distributed throughout the mid-Jurassic to upper Cretaceous stratigraphic section of northern Azerbaijan. Promary zone of interest identified in this study include the Albian Kyulyuli sandstones and the reef and grainstone shoal carbonates deposited during Oxfordian and Tithonian time. However, other potantial reservoirs were identified and are discussed in this report.

Two sandstones that have potential as reservoir were sampled during fieldwork and are described in Volume I. The first, the Jimi Suite, was deposited during the upper Aalenina to lower Bajocian. In outcrop these litharenites have modest reservoir qualities. Clay and carbonate cements have significantly reduced the reservoir quality of these sands. Measured porosities range from 2.6% to 7.5%, and permeabilities are under 1.0 millidarcy. The second sandstone, the Kyulyuli sandstone, was deposited in the Albian. At the Altiagach outcrop the Kyulyulisands appear to have been deposited as shelf sands. The sandstone samples collected are classified as lithic arkoses to subarkoses. Measured porosities of the outcrop samples range from 5% to 17%, and permeabilites vary from 3.7 to 40.9 millidarcies. Other potential sandstones reservoirs in northern Azerbaijan are discussed in Volume IV.

Potenbtial carbonate reservoir facies described as part of this study include reefs and high energy shoals deposited in shelf or shallow carbonate platform environments. Reef forming organisms in the Tethyan seaway were diverse and inluded bracnching and massive corals, coralline algae, rudists, enchinoderms, mollusks, brachiopods and bryozoans. The reefs formed by these organisms generated a large amount of bioclastic debris that was reworked and deposited as bioclastic grainstone-packstone shoals. Shallow, high-energy carbonate platforms and shelf environments were also conductive to the formation of oolite shoals. Reef, or boundstone deposits were observed during the fieldwork at Beshbarmag, Charag, Galaalti, and Tengialti. Shallow water bioclastic or ooid grainstoine-packstone shoals were described at Gazma Griz, Galaalti, and Tengialti outcrops. While there was almost no preserved porosity in these facies in outcrop, they could be excellent potential reservoirs given a favourable diagenetic history. Other carbonate facies of interest observed during the fieldworkd include the channelized, deepwater grainstone and packstone in the Nardaran exposure and the hundreds of meters of thin, bioclastic grainstone-packstone turbidites interbedded with deepwater shales at Dibrar.

While the primary focus of this study was reservoir facies, geochemical analyses were run for twenty-five outcrop and twenty-one oil samples. Geochemical screening of the outcrop samples indicates that two rock samples have a TOC content greater than 1.00% . Only one sample, a Barremian-Albian age sample form the Kelevudag section with TOC of 3.16% , has the generative potentoal and Hydrogen Index sufficient to be a good potental source rock. The other sample, of Aptian (?) age from the Dibrar section with TOC of 2.54%, has a low generative potential and Hydrogen Index. The twenty-one oil samples were from the Amirkhanly, Saadan, Chandogar-Zorat, Siazan-Nardaran, Tekchai, Zagly, and Zeyva Fields. Based on the oil analyses, two "effective" source rock systems are present in the PriCaspian-Kuba area, an Oligocene-Miocene source system and an Upper Jurassic source system.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

 

• IN MEMORIAM
• ABSTRACTS
• LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES
• LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES
• REPORT COVER DESCRIPTION
• AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• INTRODUCTION

Study Objectives
Report Organization
Participating Geoscientists
Chronostratigraphic and Stratigraphic Units

 

• OUTCROP STUDY

Sample Set Analyses
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Outcrop Localities

ALTIAGACH

LOWER ALTIAGACH SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
UPPER ALTIAGACH SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

BESHBARMAG
Overview of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

CHARAG

LOWER SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
UPPER SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

DIBRAR

APTIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
ALBIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
CENOMANIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
TURONIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
CONIACIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
SANTONIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
CAMPANIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
MAASTRICHTIAN SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

GAZMA GRIZ

GAZMA GRIZ SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GAZMA GRIZ SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

JIMICHAI

JURASSIC UPSTREAM SHALE SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
JURASSIC SANDSTONE SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
LOWER CRETACEOUS SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

KELEVUDAG

ROAD CUT SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
VALLEY SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
MOUNTAIN SECTION
Overview of Section
Albian Section
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Cenomanian Section
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Turonian Section
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
Coniacian Section
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

NARDARAN
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Reservoir Quality
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

SANATORIUM (GALAALTI)
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

TENGIALTI

LOWER TENGIALTI SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
UPPER TENGIALTI SECTION
Description of Section
Sample Set
Petrographic Analyses
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Micropaleontological Analyses
Organic Geochemical Analyses
GRAPHICS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Outcrop Locality Map
Outcrop Measured Sections
Outcrop Photographs
Thin-section Photomicrographs

 

• SELECTED OILS STUDY

Oils Sample Set
Study Objectives
Analyses and Interpretation
Conclusions

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES
LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES

VOLUME II

 

• INTRODUCTION

 

• CHAPTER 1: STRUCTURE AND TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF AZERBAIJAN

 

• CHAPTER 2: STRATIGRAPHY AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF JURASSIC AND CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN

 

• CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURE AND DEPOSITION IN THE GREATER CAUCASUS AREA DURING THE JURASSIC AND CRETACEOUS

 

• CHAPTER 4: POTENTIAL OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS IN NORTHEAST AZERBAIJAN

 

• REFERENCES CITED

LIST OF TEXT-FIGURES
LIST OF CHARTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES (following Chapter 4)

• REPORT APPENDICES

Appendix I: Geological evaluation of Cretaceous and Jurassic outcrop samples from the South Caspian Basin, Azerbaijan (Reservoirs, Inc., Houston, Texas)


Appendix II: Palynology report of 325 field samples from the Caucasus Mts. (Robertson International Ltd, Llandudno, Wales)


Appendix III: Palynological investigation of a collection of 25 outcrop samples from the Greater Caucasus Mts., Azerbaijan (British Geological Survey, London, England; Jin Riding)

VOLUME III

 

• REPORT APPENDICES (Continued)

Appendix IV: TOC, RockEval, and VR data for 25 South Caspian outcrop samples (APTI Geoscience Lab, Houston, Texas)


Appendix V: Biomarker and related extraction data for one South Caspian outcrop sample (APTI Geoscience Lab, Houston, Texas)


Appendix VI: Petroleum geochemistry of the PriCaspian-Kuba region, onshore northern Azerbaijan (G.Rinaldi, Unocal Technology Group)


Appendix VII: Geochemical analyses of 22 Azeri oils (APTI Geoscience Lab, Houston, Texas)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report summarizes the results of a joijnt study between the Geology Institute of Azerbaijan and Exxon Ventures (CIS) Inc. The joint study investigated the geology of geochemistry of lithified ejecta brought to the surface by mud-volcanoes in the Gobustan area of Azerbaijan.

The main objectives of this study were to build a better understanding of the source rock depositional environmnets through the analysis of ejecta. These lithified rock fragments were analyzed in terms of their lithology, biostratigraphy, and organic geochemistry. Age-dated samples were placed in a regional and stratigraphic context.

Lithoclasts brought to the surface by erupting mud-volcanoes offer a unique opportunity to characterize the sedimentary section which is generally too deep to be sampled by conventional drilling. The mud-volcanoes in the Gobustan area of Azerbaijan are rooted within the Oligocene-Miocene section of the Maikop Formation. In the context of pertoleum exploration, the lithified rock fragments brought to the surface offer the following:

• Reconstruction, through biostratigraphic and lithologic analyses, of the sedimentary section beyond present-day drill depths;
• Assessment of the source rock potential of organic-rich rocks;
• Assessment of the thermal maturity level of the sedimentary section, and
• Opportunity for regional and vertical mapping of rock properties

  
  The conclusions of the present study are:
  
  
  

  • The mud-ejecta samples are immature to early mature with respect to hydrocarbon generation;
  • With a geothermal grdaient of 20⁰C/km, the early mature ejecta-samples are likely derived from about 4 km depth. (This applies for samples GIA-18 (Koun/M.Paleogene) and GIA-76 (Maikop), from the Osmanbozdag and Boyuk Kamizadag mud-volcanoes, respectively).
  • Organic sulfur contents are low. Free sulfur present in the depositional environment from early sulfate reduction has mostly bound with iron to form pyrite. The results are generation of sweet crudes and gases.
  • The Maikop samples are, for the most part, dominated by algal organic matter as evidenced by visual kerogen and biomarker analyses. As with the Maikop outcrops, the lithology and organic matter content of the Maikop can vary significantly from laminated shales to sandstones and marine algal to herbaceous and terrigenous organic matter.
  • Based on the geochemistry results, it apperas that the Maikop section envolved from an overall transgressive system during early to Middle Maikop (shorelines moved further away from our sampling points), followed by a highstanding system Late Maikop and Upper Miocene (shorelines, amd associated terrigenous input, closer to our sampling sites).

  
  CONTENTS

  
  Geology and Geochemistry of Mud-Ejecta Samples
  
  
  

  IntroductionStudy ObjectivesMud VolcanoesSignificance of Mud-Ejecta

  
  Analyses
  
  
  

  Geological and Geochemical AnalysesInterpretations

  
  Results and Discussion
  
  
  

  StratigraphyEjecta DatabaseEjecta LithologyEvaluation of Data IntegratyEvaluation of HC stainingOrganic Richness and QualityOrganic Matter Quality and MaturitySulfur Analytical DataTiming of HC GenerationConclsuions

  
  STRATIGRAPHY
  
  
  

  Appendix A: Modeled Stratigraphic Sections at Mud-Volcano Localities

  
  EJECTA PHOTOS
  
  
  

  Appendix B: Photographs of Mud-Ejecta (photos of analyzed rocks with age and their type dating)

  
  THIN-SECTIONS
  
  
  

  Appendix C: Thin Section Photographs and Descriptions

  
  ROCK-EVAL PYROLYSIS
  
  
  

  Appendix D: Pyrograms from Rock Eval Pyrolysis

  
  KEROGEN PHOTOS
  
  
  

  Appendix E: Photographs of Kerogen Concentrates

  
  SOLVENT EXTRACTION
  

  Appendix F: Solvent Extraction Data

  
  PYROLYSIS - GC
  
  
  

  Appendix G: Pyrograms from Pyrolysis-GC

  
  GAS CHROMATOGRAMS
  

  Appendix H: Gas Chromatograms of the Saturate Fraction of the Extractable Organic Matter

  
  GC / MS (BIOMARKERS)
  

  Appendix I: GC / MS (Biomarker) data of the Saturate Fraction of the Extractable Organic Matter

  
  KINETICS
  

  Appendix J: Kinetics Data

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study for the first time puts together data from several areas of the Caspian Basin selected for a multi-disciplinary analytical approach. The three sample sets are shortly described hereafter:

The Organic Geichemistry sample set consisted of:
Samples: 12 Outcrop samples 49 Oil samples 289 Core samples	Areas covered: Baku Archipelago Absheron Peninsula Lower Kura Depression Shemakha-Gobustan Absheron Sill

The analyses include:
Part 1: Organic Geochemistry
TOC, Rock-Eval, GC, GC / MS, MSSV, Osotope ratios, Fission Track, Sulfur content, API Gravity, etc.

The Biostratigraphy sample set consisted of:
Samples: 59 Outcrop samples   289 Core samples	Areas covered: Baku Archipelago Absheron Peninsula Lower Kura Depression

The analyses include: Part 2: Biostratigraphy
Palynology, Foraminifera, Ostracods, Nannofossils and fish remains.

The Sedimentology sample set consisted of:
Samples: ~130 Core samples	Areas covered: Baku Archipelago Absheron Sill Lower Kura Depression

The analyses include:
Part 3: Sedimentology
XRD, SEM, Petrology, Porosity and Permeability

The study specifically encompasses:

• the type outcrop sections in the Absheron Peninsula: Mehtiabad (Maykopian, Tarkhanian and Chokrakian),
• the Kirmaky Mountain (Pontian),
• the Kirmaky Valley (Lower Productive Series - PK, KS, NKS, NKG Suites; Upper Productive series - Pereryv, Balakhany Suites),
• the Beyuk-Shore (Upper Productive Series - Balakhany, Sabunchi, Surakhany Suites) and
• the Lower Kura Depression: Babazanan (Upper Productive Series - I Babazanan Suite)

The outcrop sections were studied and correlated with the well sections, which will be useful for the understanding of the Stratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of potential reservoirs and potential source rocks.

The three parts stand by themselves and this particular copy might or might not have all three parts depending on the license acquired. The combination of the area and the disciplines is unique and will serve the reader well in understanding the hydrocarbon system of entire area. We believe that the completeness of the data presented here will make this report a data repository that is worthwhile coming back to again and again. To make the access to the data more conevient and increase the utility of the product as much as possible of the data has been provided on disc. All data presented has been produced or subcontracted by APTI and GIA. Utmost care has been taken to provide correct identification and classification in all parts of the study. However, as with all original work, some misidentification might have escaped our quality control efforts.

Individual introductions to the three parts of the study lead into each discipline. Location maps are provided for each sample set. The sample sets for Biostratigraphy, Organic Geochemistry and Sedimentology overlap considerably but are not identical. Tis gives the reader the opportunity to investigate a significant portion of the study area in great detail. The biostratigraphic data is collated by structure, whereas the geochemical data is provided on a sample basis in the order the samples were analyzed. Especially the geochemistry data has been provided with location and formation information, which will allow theuser to retieve and sortr the data in any desired way.

This report intentionally stays away from detailed interpretation of the complex area but rather provides data, graphics abd software to enable the reader to draw conclusions in light of additional geological information that is might be available to your company. The scientists behind the study (see list of contributors) are available to you for integration of the study with other data, additional analyses, or related projects.

CONTENTS

Part 1: Geochemistry (Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4)


INTRODUCTION


Table of Contents
Study Introduction
Contributors
Geochemical Introduction
Compact Disk Contents
Location Map and Key
Oil Sample List
Rock Sample List

DATA SUMMARY


Data Summary - Oils
Data Summary - Rocks
Well and Formation Profiles
MSSV Pyrolysis
Oils Data Table
Oils GCPeak Data
Oils Biomarker Peak Data
Oils Aliphatic GC Peak Data
Oils Aromatic Peak Data
Oils MSSV Peak Data
Rocks Screening Data
Rocks Extract Data
Extracts GC Peak Data
Extracts Biomarker Data
Extracts Aliphatic Peaks
Extracts Aromatic Peaks
Extracted Rock MSSV Peaks
Analytical Methods
Peak Name Abbreviation Key

Oil Summaries
Rock Summaries (includes Sample ID, Sample Type and Well Name)

MSSV Data

Fission Track Data

Part 2: Biostratigraphy (Volumes 1, 2)


CONTRIBUTORS

INTRODUCTION


Map

SELECTED SAMPLES LIST

OUTCROP SAMPLE ANALYSES (FORAMINIFERA, OSTRACODA, NANNOFOSSILS, PALYNOMORPHS, ETC.)
Mehtiabad
Kitmaky Mountain
Kirmaky Valley
Beuk Shore
Babazanan

CORE SAMPLE ANALYSES FROM BAKU ARCHIPELAGO (FORAMINIFERA, OSTRACODA, NANNOFOSSILS, PALYNOMORPHS, ETC.)
Alyat-Deiz
Bahar
Balygly
Bulla-Deniz
Dashly
Duvanny
Duvanny-Deniz
Garasu
Hamamdag
Khara-Zira
8 March
Sangachal-Deniz
Seyar
Umid
Zap.Garasu
Yanar Tava

CORE SAMPLE ANALYSES FROM LOWER KURA DEPRESSION (FORAMINIFERA, OSTRACODA, NANNOFOSSILS, PALYNOMORPHS, ETC.)
Bandovan
Babazanan
kalamadyn
Karabagly
Kurovdag
Kursanga
Kyzylagaj
Neftechala

PALYNOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS

LIST OF OSTRACODES

LIST OF FORAMINIFERA

LIST OF NANNOFOSSILS

LIST OF PALYNOFOSSILS

REFERENCES

Part 3: Sedimentology (Volume 1)


Introduction
Lithological Legend
List of selected core samples for sedimentological examination
Location Map of the South Caspian Sea

1. Litho-facies characteristics of PLiocene-Miocene deposits
1.1. Litho-facies characteristics of the Productive Series (Kua and Araks facies)
1.2. Depositional Environments
1.3. Comparison of the Sedimentation Styles, Petrography and Prospectivity of the Paleokura and Paleovolga Systems

2. Petrography and Reservoir Quality Characterization of 100 Samples
2.1. Reservoir Quality Assessment (Permeability, Porosity, Sorting, Coefficient, etc.)

• BAHAR
• BULLA-DENIZ
• SEYAR
• BALYGLY
• GARASU
• HAMAMDAG-DENIZ
• UMID BANK
• SANGACHALY-DENIZ
• DUVANNY-DENIZ
• KALAMADYN
• NEFTECHALA

Tables

2.2 Thin Section Petrographic Description with Points
2.3. Scanning electron Micrographs

References